Fair and Accountable Electronic Transactions: The Urgency of Consumer Protection, the Validity of Digital Contracts, and the Optimisation of Preventive and Repressive Dispute Resolution
This research discusses legal certainty, electronic agreements, and consumer protection in online buying and selling transactions in Indonesia. Based on Article 2 of Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning ITE, electronic transactions are defined as buying and selling activities through online media without physical encounters between sellers and buyers, thus demanding strong legal certainty so that every stage of the transaction runs transparently and accountably. In the realm of civil law, electronic agreements are adhesion contracts (standardized contracts) designed unilaterally by business actors and agreed upon digitally by consumers. Indonesian law recognizes the validity of electronic contracts based on Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the ITE Law, which place digital contracts on par with conventional written contracts as long as they meet the elements of a valid agreement and are reinforced by electronic signatures. Consumer protection is implemented through two mechanisms: preventive measures (digital literacy, information transparency, government supervision) and repressive measures (dispute resolution through litigation, non-litigation, and internal e-commerce platform mechanisms). The legal foundations include the UUPK (Consumer Protection Law) and Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 concerning PMSE. However, the implementation of legal protection still faces serious obstacles, including weak law enforcement, the absence of comprehensive regulations on personal data protection, and low consumer awareness to report violations. The effectiveness of institutions such as BPSK highly depends on active community participation and institutional capacity. The success of consumer protection is determined by close cooperation between the government, business actors acting in good faith, and smart consumers who are aware of their rights. Institutional strengthening, increased legal literacy, and the acceleration of personal data protection laws are absolute requirements to realize legal certainty for electronic transactions that are equitable, secure, and sustainable in Indonesia.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Studi Ilmu Sosial Indonesia
The Indonesian Criminal Justice System in Optimising the Recovery of State Assets: Structural Obstacles and the Urgency of Adopting Non-Conviction-Based Asset Forfeiture
This research analyzes the structural constraints within the Indonesian criminal justice system that hinder the optimization of state asset recovery and offers solutions through the adoption of the Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture doctrine. The research findings indicate that the philosophical limitations of the KUHAP, disharmony in statutory regulations, conflicts with bankruptcy law, the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, and the excessive protection of third parties systematically obstruct the forfeiture of assets derived from corruption. Although Indonesia has international obligations through the UNCAC and FATF, the Asset Forfeiture Bill remains stalled in the DPR. Amidst this deadlock, law enforcement officials have pursued alternative efforts through civil lawsuits, PERMA No. 1 of 2013, and the strengthening of the Prosecutor's Office's execution seizure authority; however, all these efforts remain limited in scope. This research recommends the ratification of the Asset Forfeiture Bill, equipped with a management mechanism for seized assets and the establishment of an Asset Recovery Center as a fundamental reform step.
Asset Forfeiture Without Criminal Conviction
Urban Air Pollution as a Justice Issue: Spatial Distribution and Cumulative Health Impacts on Vulnerable Communities
Urban air pollution is a central example of environmental injustice, as exposure and health risks are distributed unevenly across social groups. This literature study examines the structural origins and cumulative consequences of this inequality. It shows that pollution patterns reflect historical zoning practices, discriminatory housing policies, and the concentration of undesirable facilities in politically marginalized, low income, and minority neighborhoods. As a result, environmental burdens are spatially concentrated. Health impacts are likewise unequal. Pre existing illnesses, limited healthcare access, poor nutrition, chronic stress, and high exposure occupations heighten biological and social vulnerability in these communities. These conditions interact with air pollution to produce disproportionately severe outcomes and reduced adaptive capacity. Urban air pollution injustice is therefore a multidimensional problem rooted in political economic decisions and reinforced by social disparities. Effective responses must go beyond aggregate emission reduction and adopt justice oriented strategies in urban planning, regulation, and public health that address both unequal exposure and the structural determinants of vulnerability.
The Role of Transformational Leaders as Bridge Between Technology Policy and Culture Internalization
This study examines how transformational leadership functions as a synergy mechanism between technology adoption and organizational culture development. Transformational leaders become role models in technology use through idealized influence, articulate inspiring visions through inspirational motivation, encourage innovation in technology utilization through intellectual stimulation, and provide tailored support through individualized consideration. They bridge managerial technology policies and operational front line realities through effective two way communication. Employee empowerment in technology decisions accelerates value internalization through heightened ownership feelings. Flexible change management with attention to emotional aspects outperforms rigid procedural approaches. Transformational leadership success depends on aligned HRM systems and leadership capacity development across all organizational levels. Sustainable synergy between technology and organizational culture requires transformational leadership distributed as collective organizational capacity rather than concentrated in few charismatic individuals.
Integration of Spiritual Values Into Employee Development Programs During Digital Transformation
This study examines how spirituality values integrated into employee development programs function in the digital workplace transformation. Spirituality contributes through meaning making helping employees connect daily tasks with larger purposes, connectedness building authentic relationships despite physical distance, humility enabling learning from mistakes without shame, mindfulness training presence and focus amid digital distractions, integrity internalizing ethical behavior without external surveillance, gratitude countering negative social comparison, and acceptance embracing human limitations realistically. Employee development programs integrating spirituality require leaders as role models demonstrating spiritual values daily. Program design must balance technical content and character development through spiral approaches. Implementation challenges include employee resistance viewing spirituality as private matter and difficulty measuring spiritual impacts on performance. Sustainability requires integrating spiritual values into entire organizational systems from recruitment to rewards. Organizations successfully integrating spirituality systemically will have more resilient, adaptive, and committed workforces facing continuous technological change.
Marital Rape in the Perspective of Legal Consciousness and Social Norms
This study examines how legal consciousness and social norms shape societal views on marital rape. Legal ambiguity in many jurisdictions where marriage exemption still exists in rape definitions creates confusion about whether forced sex within marriage constitutes a crime. Strong patriarchal norms that demand wives obedience to husbands create immense pressure on victims to remain silent. Economic dependence on husbands and lack of social safety nets force victims to choose between personal safety and children survival. Young generations show positive shifts in awareness due to exposure to gender equality discourses through social media and internet. However this shift remains uneven because of unequal access to education and technology between urban rural areas and across socioeconomic groups. Comprehensive sex education in schools, law enforcement training, and community leader empowerment are key interventions. Legal reform without massive and sustained public awareness campaigns will insufficiently protect victims. Generational change through youth empowerment as change agents offers the most sustainable long term strategy.
Green Performance Appraisal Systems as Reinforcers of Green Organizational Culture
This study examines how green performance appraisal systems reinforce green organizational culture through measurement and evaluation of environment related performance. Green appraisal functions as a culture reinforcement mechanism through value signaling, accountability creation, feedback driven learning, and peer pressure. Effective system design requires specific and material indicators, transparent target cascading processes involving employees, high feedback frequency, and sufficient environmental metric weighting in compensation decisions. Line manager resistance and gaps between corporate design and operational implementation constitute major obstacles. Success depends on top management commitment, training and communication investments, and reliable data measurement infrastructure. Successful systems create positive reinforcement cycles where established green cultures sustain themselves through selection and socialization of new employees. Regular evaluation ensures system relevance amid changing external conditions. Green performance appraisal transforms environmental values from rhetoric into daily operational reality.
Developing Dynamic Capabilities in Human Resource Management to Address Market Disruptions
This study examines how organizations develop dynamic capabilities within human resource management functions to face market disruptions. Dynamic capabilities framework identifies three micro processes of sensing, seizing, and transforming. Sensing requires intelligence systems that collect external data from multiple sources and involve line managers in signal interpretation. Seizing demands rapid decision making mechanisms with authority delegated to cross functional teams and strategic partnerships with external institutions. Transforming requires fundamental philosophical shifts about HRM roles, competency upgrades for HR professionals, and new metrics linking HR activities to business outcomes. Top management commitment over long periods and adequate investments in technology and human development determine success of all three processes. Major obstacles include rigid organizational structures, bureaucratic delays, line manager resistance, and gaps between sensing and seizing capabilities. Technology enables but cannot substitute human judgment and interpersonal communication. Dynamic capabilities development requires continuous learning mechanisms refined through evaluation and benchmarking.
Illegal Liquor Circulation in Selected Communities and Social Legitimacy
This article examines illegal liquor circulation within selected communities through a normative synthesis of legal and social concepts. It frames circulation as a patterned set of procurement, storage, distribution, and consumption activities sustained by trust based ties and informal rules. The discussion distinguishes licensed alcohol trade from unlicensed distribution and explains how secrecy practices, coded communication, and role differentiation reduce exposure. It outlines how community acceptance can arise from perceived affordability, availability, and social bonding functions, while risk is discounted through familiarity with sellers and shared narratives about product safety. The paper links these meanings to public order and public health duties, emphasizing that unverified composition and uncontrolled production heighten harm potential. It also discusses how enforcement pressure can shift routes and transaction timing rather than end circulation, generating adaptive routines. Normative evaluation is organized around legality, accountability, and consumer protection, including duties to prevent endangerment and to respect regulatory authority. The article concludes that sustained circulation reflects interaction among informal legitimacy, economic incentives, and weak traceability, and it identifies concept based entry points for clearer regulation communication and community oriented prevention in locally trusted social spaces.
Access to Justice and Wives’ Decisions to Claim Joint Property After Divorce
This paper examines why wives seldom file joint property claims after divorce through a qualitative doctrinal synthesis in family law. The discussion maps concept level drivers that shape post divorce choices, including legal literacy, perceived procedural fairness, and resource constraints. It explains how documentation asymmetry, asset registration patterns, and limited access to financial information weaken confidence in proof and expected outcomes. The paper also discusses how time burdens, childcare duties, and short term income needs raise the perceived cost of court proceedings. Social pressures such as stigma, expectations of self sacrifice, and concerns about co parenting relations may discourage formal disputes. Safety concerns and fear of retaliation can further reduce willingness to pursue claims, even when entitlement is acknowledged. Informal settlements are described as a common substitute that may offer speed and social peace while leaving fairness uncertain. The synthesis proposes an integrated conceptual map linking information access, support networks, psychological readiness, and normative expectations to the decision not to litigate. It concludes that low claim rates reflect intertwined mechanisms that narrow practical access to rights, and it highlights the need for clearer legal information and supportive pathways for vulnerable parties.
Economic Factors as Determinants of Women Access to Reproductive Health Services
This study examines how economic factors determine women access to reproductive health services. Poverty creates barriers through direct costs like service fees and medicine purchases as well as indirect costs including transportation and foregone daily wages. Out of pocket payment systems discriminate against poor households who lack savings for unexpected health expenses. Economic exclusion accumulates across women life cycles from adolescence to adulthood and transmits poverty across generations through maternal deaths and disabilities. Employment status, geographic residence, and health insurance coverage moderate the influence of economic factors on service access. Fee removal policies alone insufficiently reach the poorest groups because they still face indirect cost barriers. Conditional cash transfer programs compensating for transportation costs and lost wages prove more effective but require substantial administrative capacity and budgets. Corruption through informal payments in public health facilities worsens economic exclusion and requires strong political commitment with participatory oversight mechanisms. Policy makers must design reproductive health financing systems that explicitly consider poor groups ability to pay.
Healthcare Professionals Legal Awareness of Patient Medical Confidentiality
This article examines healthcare professionals legal awareness regarding patient medical confidentiality through a normative synthesis of ethical duties and legal obligations. Legal awareness is framed as a structured combination of rule knowledge, professional judgment, and disciplined conduct in daily communication and data handling. The discussion clarifies confidentiality as more than silence, covering access control, purpose limitation, documentation, and prudent disclosure within clinical teams. It addresses boundary setting when communicating with families and third parties, emphasizing consent specificity and proportional disclosure. Exceptions related to mandatory reporting and lawful requests are presented as narrowly bounded duties requiring careful verification of authority and scope. The paper also considers how workflow routines, time pressure, and organizational governance shape habitual practices such as corridor conversations, shared accounts, and informal messaging. Accountability is emphasized through traceable records of disclosures and internal pathways for incident reporting and corrective action. The article concludes that sustainable protection of patient privacy depends on consistent operational habits anchored in clear institutional procedures and professional communication skills that preserve trust while supporting safe care.
Religion in Social Life and Social Change: Functions of Social Glue, Sources of Values, and Moral Movements
This study examines the role of religion in social life and social change through a qualitative literature review approach. The analysis focuses on two main questions: how religious institutions function as social glue and sources of values in modern society, and how they act as agents of social change and moral movements. The findings reveal that religious institutions serve as social glue by creating a sense of togetherness through collective rituals and building cross-class solidarity through internal redistribution mechanisms. As sources of values, they provide ethical frameworks for navigating moral choices amid pluralism and transmit values across generations through active negotiation between tradition and change. In their role as agents of social change, religious institutions possess exceptional mobilizational capacity and moral resources, demonstrated in transformative movements such as civil rights and anti-apartheid struggles. However, the direction of religious engagement is shaped by theological interpretations, internal authority structures, relationships with political power, and socio-political contexts. The effectiveness of religious institutions in fulfilling their functions depends on their ability to manage tensions between universality and particularity, commitment to truth and openness to dialogue, and political engagement and moral authority preservation. Theoretical contributions shift the focus from secularization narratives toward understanding religion as a dynamic force that adapts to and shapes modernity. Practical implications point to the need for policy frameworks that recognize the unique capacities of religious institutions while maintaining state neutrality in religious affairs.
Determinants of Low Halal Certification in Micro Enterprise Products
This paper examines why halal certification remains limited among micro enterprise products. It maps concept level drivers linking business capacity, perceived market value, and certification governance. Micro enterprises often operate with centralized decision making, flexible sourcing, and minimal record keeping, which complicates traceability and process consistency. Certification is frequently viewed as an administrative commitment requiring time, documentation, and procedural discipline that competes with daily production and sales. Perceived costs include time loss, changes in ingredients and packaging, and reputational worry associated with external inspection. Benefits are often interpreted as relevant mainly for wider distribution channels, while local buyers rely on personal trust and repeat transactions. Information asymmetry in supply chains, shifting suppliers, and unclear ingredient documentation reduce readiness for accountable claims. The paper also highlights how social norms may substitute community trust for formal proof, reinforcing postponement. The synthesis proposes a structured set of determinants covering internal governance, knowledge and comprehension, cost and risk perceptions, demand signals, and traceability conditions. It concludes that low certification reflects interconnected factors shaping priorities rather than simple unwillingness, and it provides a conceptual basis for targeted guidance and policy design.
Counterfeit Product Sales in Traditional Markets and Public Attitudes
This paper examines counterfeit product sales in traditional markets and the public attitudes that sustain or contest such transactions. It frames counterfeits as goods that imitate brand markers and thereby shape perceived value through signals, narratives, and seller claims. The discussion distinguishes open disclosure from implicit claims that create ambiguity about authenticity, and it explains how pricing, visual cues, and repeated interactions influence buyer belief formation. Public attitudes are described as a structured set of economic, moral, and social judgments that can produce tolerance, ambivalence, or rejection. Market trust is treated as both personal reliance on familiar vendors and collective reputation attached to the market, each shaping expectations and dispute avoidance. The paper highlights information asymmetry and the role of local norms of honesty in determining whether transactions are viewed as fair exchange or as misleading conduct. It also clarifies how normalization can arise when community narratives soften ethical concerns and when buyers accept uncertainty as an ordinary cost of shopping. The paper concludes that the interaction between seller communication and buyer attitudes forms a feedback loop that stabilizes practices or raises social pressure for clearer disclosure and fair dealing.
The Performance of Authenticity and the Commodification of Parasocial Bonds: Twin Pillars of Influencer Culture on Social Media
The rise of social media influencers marks a major reconfiguration of celebrity culture shaped by distinct socio technical dynamics. This literature study analyzes two interconnected pillars: the performativity of authenticity and the commodification of parasocial relationships. Authenticity is conceptualized not as an inherent trait but as a strategic performance. Influencers curate aesthetics, narratives, and language to signal relatability and sincerity. This staged authenticity functions as cultural capital that can be converted into economic value within the platform driven attention economy. At the same time, platforms transform traditionally one sided parasocial bonds into an illusion of reciprocal intimacy through interactive features. Perceived closeness strengthens affective trust, which is then monetized through sponsorships and affiliate marketing. Influencer culture is thus defined by a dual process: the continuous production of the self as an authentic commodity and the systematic conversion of emotionally charged connections into revenue. These dynamics reflect platform logics in which identity performance and social relationships operate as primary productive assets.
Ambidextrous Leadership as a Collective Ecosystem: Balancing Exploitation through Digital Transformation and Exploration for Long Term Growth
This qualitative literature study examines collective leadership ecosystems that balance exploitation through digital transformation and exploration for long term growth. The synthesis of methodological sources reveals that ambidextrous leadership is best understood as distributed property rather than individual heroic capacity. Cognitive diversity within leadership teams provides raw material for ambidexterity, but integration mechanisms including joint decision making routines, cross functional communication channels, and cultures valuing constructive conflict determine whether diversity produces balance or paralysis. Digital transformation reduces coordination costs between exploitation and exploration units through shared data platforms and collaboration tools, making structural separation more feasible for many organizations. However technology alone cannot resolve the inherent tension between efficiency and innovation. Paradoxical thinking, behavioral ambidexterity, and emotional resilience emerge as critical leadership competencies at all organizational levels. Structural approaches separating exploitation from exploration into distinct units and contextual approaches developing individual capacities each offer advantages depending on organizational size, business diversity, and environmental uncertainty. Dynamic balance requires sensing, seizing, and transforming capabilities maintained through rapid feedback loops enabled by real time data. Success indicators include organizational longevity, sustainable profitability with significant innovation investment, retention of creative and stable employees, and stakeholder reputation for simultaneous efficiency and innovation leadership.
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Studi Ilmu Sosial Indonesia
Resilience Capacity and Family Contribution in the Job Search Process
This literature study examines the psychological resilience of job seekers facing recurrent rejection and the role of family support as an external reinforcing factor. The analysis elaborates cognitive mechanisms of reappraisal and affective mechanisms of emotion regulation that enable individuals to maintain psychological well-being and motivation amidst adversity. Drawing on multidisciplinary resilience literature, the study conceptualizes resilience not as a static trait but as a dynamic capacity that interacts with available social resources. Family support functions as a psychosocial buffer when characterized by unconditional acceptance, respect for autonomy, and open communication. The synergy between internal resilience and external family support allows job seekers not merely to survive setbacks but to transform difficult experiences into opportunities for growth. This solution-focused perspective shifts attention from structural barriers to modifiable psychological and social strengths. The findings provide theoretical foundations for designing interventions that strengthen job seekers' cognitive-behavioral skills and for educating families on empowering support patterns. Future empirical research is recommended to test the proposed propositions through longitudinal and comparative approaches.
Weighting of Valence, Volume, and Credibility by Consumers of High Risk Products: A Study of One Detailed Negative Review versus Ten Positive Reviews
Consumers frequently encounter one detailed negative review alongside ten positive reviews when evaluating high risk products. This study synthesizes existing literature to explain how consumers weigh valence, volume, and credibility under such asymmetric conditions. Findings indicate that a single negative review consistently overpowers ten positive reviews due to negativity bias, emotional contagion, source credibility effects, and non compensatory decision strategies. Product categories with high perceived risk such as skincare and electronics amplify this asymmetry. The review's specificity, recency, and the seller's response quality moderate the effect. Volume of positive reviews offers limited protection because consumers process information narratively rather than mathematically. These results challenge the assumption that accumulating positive reviews effectively counteracts negative information. The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding information weighting in electronic word of mouth and offers practical guidance for reputation management in high risk product markets.
Inclusive Public Communication in the Digital Era: A Literature Study on Multicultural Approaches in Communication Policy
This literature study examines multiculturalism in public communication policy, analyzing the integration of its principles and the challenges and opportunities in the digital era. The analysis reveals that relevant multicultural principles for public communication include recognition, equality, inclusion, and intercultural dialogue. These principles can be integrated across all stages of public communication policy. In planning, through impact analysis and consultation with diverse groups. In content production, through fair and accurate representation, inclusive language use, and stereotype avoidance. In message distribution, through utilizing multiple channels to reach all groups. In evaluation, through measuring impacts on all groups and collecting diverse feedback. Implementation requires political commitment, resources, and active participation from various stakeholders. The digital era presents new challenges for multicultural public communication. Algorithm-driven polarization, hate speech, audience fragmentation, and digital divides are serious challenges. However the digital era also opens significant opportunities: broader reach, greater public participation, easier cross-group dialogue, wider use of regional languages, and partnerships with local content creators. Multicultural public communication policy must manage challenges while leveraging opportunities. Adaptive, inclusive, and participatory approaches involving various stakeholders are needed. Multicultural public communication is not merely about information transmission but about building understanding, trust, and solidarity amid diversity. This study contributes theoretically to understanding culture-communication-policy nexus and offers practical insights for designing public communication that nurtures diversity and strengthens social cohesion.
Social Media as a Dual Space: Preservation and Erosion of Regional Languages Among Younger Generations
This qualitative literature study examines how social media platforms simultaneously preserve and erode regional languages among younger generations. The synthesis reveals dual mechanisms operating in opposite directions. Preservation occurs through distributed digital documentation, cross border virtual community building, liberating linguistic creativity, activist led revitalization campaigns, positive representation building pride, enjoyable informal learning, identity conscious youth resistance to cultural homogenization, and digital corpus creation for language technology development. Erosion occurs through algorithmic bias disadvantaging smaller languages, communication efficiency pressures driving homogenization, public metrics shaping language prestige, attention fragmentation hostile to extended texts, irreversible domain replacement, rapid vocabulary substitution for digital concepts, normalization of language unsuitability for serious functions, accelerated language change alienating older generations, and creation of generations with passive comprehension lacking active production capacity. Net outcomes vary significantly across languages depending on speaker population size, social status, institutional support, community digital literacy, and presence of effective revitalization leadership. The study concludes that social media is neither inherently destructive nor beneficial for regional languages; its impact depends on strategic utilization by speech communities, policy interventions from governments, and design choices by technology corporations.
Reasons Business Actors Avoid Forming Formal Legal Entities
This paper explains why business actors avoid forming formal legal entities by examining normative mechanisms behind organizational choice. The discussion frames avoidance as a decision shaped by perceived costs, legal certainty, and control over operations and information. Key drivers include administrative complexity, time valuation, compliance learning burdens, and concerns about predictable enforcement outcomes. The paper also addresses preferences for personal control, informal dispute handling, and confidentiality of cash flows, margins, and supplier relations. Perceptions of taxation duties and reporting exposure influence willingness to enter formal registries, especially when benefits are seen as distant or uncertain. Market structure matters because some supply chains require legal status for contracting, while others reward speed and low overhead. Institutional trust and communication quality affect legitimacy of rules and perceived safety of interacting with public agencies. The paper distinguishes temporary postponement from persistent avoidance and shows how these patterns relate to business life cycle and internal governance practices. It concludes that formalization decisions are best understood as institutional calculations that combine economic incentives with social norms and perceived procedural reliability.
Procedural Justice and Public Understanding of Victim Restitution Rights
This paper examines public perceptions of restitution rights for victims of crime within criminal justice processes. Restitution is framed as a victim centered entitlement linked to offender responsibility for measurable losses, while punishment addresses the public wrong. The paper explains how acceptance depends on public meanings of justice, responsibility, and victim dignity. It maps key perception domains: understanding of restitution versus compensation or charity, beliefs about the relationship between repayment and sentencing, and judgments about procedural fairness during reporting, charging, and adjudication. The discussion highlights how narratives about victims and offenders shape moral evaluations, including concerns that repayment may be misread as buying leniency. Institutional legitimacy, clarity of decisions, and comprehensible legal language are treated as central to public trust in restitution outcomes. The paper argues that perceptions influence whether victims seek restitution, whether families and communities offer support, and whether court decisions are regarded as fair. It concludes that restitution gains stable acceptance when it is understood as complementary accountability, communicated clearly, and embedded in procedures that respect victims and ensure equal treatment.
Green Organizational Culture and Green HRM Alignment for Collective Environmental Conduct
This paper synthesizes scholarship on how green organizational culture aligns with Green HRM practices to shape collective environmental conduct in organizations. It clarifies culture as shared meanings, norms, and routines that define what is valued, while Green HRM is treated as a set of staffing, development, performance, reward, and employee relations practices oriented toward environmental stewardship. The synthesis identifies three linkage pathways. First, cultural signals guide how employees interpret Green HRM messages and decide whether practices are authentic or symbolic. Second, HRM practices institutionalize culture by embedding environmental expectations into selection criteria, training content, appraisal standards, and incentive logic. Third, the joint operation of culture and HRM supports coordination, peer monitoring, and shared accountability, which stabilizes group level habits and reduces variance across units. The paper also distinguishes compliance oriented conduct from discretionary initiatives and explains why each responds differently to cultural strength and HRM consistency. Implications are offered for designing coherent HRM bundles, aligning leadership communication with HR procedures, and supporting ongoing learning that sustains collective routines. It further notes boundary conditions such as resource availability, regulatory salience, and workforce identity that shape uptake over time.
Social Sanctions for Employers Who Delay Wage Payment in Employment Relations
This paper examines social sanctions directed at employers who fail to pay wages on time. The discussion treats timely wage payment as a core obligation that sustains worker livelihood security and workplace trust. Social sanctions are described as collective judgments that translate into reputational costs, reduced cooperation, selective avoidance, and strengthened worker solidarity. The paper outlines how such sanctions emerge through shared interpretations of intent, assessments of good faith communication, and perceived procedural fairness inside the firm. It explains channels through which sanctions travel, including interpersonal networks, local business relations, consumer choices, and informal credit expectations. The discussion differentiates constructive sanctions that encourage prompt payment and dialogue from punitive dynamics that escalate conflict, stigmatize workers, or produce disproportionate labeling. Conditions supporting legitimacy are presented, such as accuracy of information, proportional responses, and clear moral standards regarding priority of wage obligations. The paper concludes that social sanctions can discipline employers and protect workers when they operate alongside credible legal norms and when communication preserves dignity and safety. It also notes that reputational repair requires visible repayment, consistent schedules, and renewed commitments verified through routine workplace interactions over time.
Policy Comprehension and Procedures in Health Insurance Claim Submission
This paper explains why many people submit few health insurance claims even when coverage exists. Claim behavior is treated as a staged decision shaped by understanding of benefits, perceived process certainty, and experience with administrative demands during illness. Key causes include limited comprehension of policy terms, inconsistent guidance across service points, and procedures that require time, documents, and repeated verification. Negative expectations about acceptance, prior denial experiences, and unclear reasoning weaken trust and reduce willingness to initiate or continue claims. Non financial burdens matter, including stress, reduced attention while sick, and reluctance to engage in disputes with institutions. Social norms may label claiming as improper for minor costs, while privacy concerns can discourage disclosure through medical paperwork. Structural frictions arise when clinical workflows and claim workflows do not align, forcing patients to coordinate information manually. Limited administrative and digital skills, heavy work schedules, and family responsibilities further reduce follow through. The paper concludes that low claiming reflects combined cognitive, procedural, institutional, and social mechanisms that restrict practical access to contractual rights and shape choices toward direct payment and avoidance of administrative uncertainty.
Algorithmic Management in Digital Platforms and Work Dehumanization in the Gig Economy
This paper examines algorithmic management within digital labor platforms and the gig economy, focusing on how automated allocation, evaluation, and enforcement shape worker autonomy and wellbeing. The synthesis clarifies dehumanization as a process in which workers are treated as data points, rated objects, and replaceable inputs rather than deliberating agents. Algorithmic control operates through opaque scoring, dynamic pricing, surveillance by apps, and incentive structures that steer behavior while limiting meaningful voice. These mechanisms can narrow discretion, intensify time pressure, and shift operational risks to workers through variable demand and unilateral rule changes. The paper discusses how information asymmetry, restricted contestability of decisions, and constant performance visibility foster stress, self monitoring, and reputational insecurity. It also outlines conditions that may temper harmful outcomes, including transparent criteria, accessible appeal channels, collective representation, and human oversight tied to procedural fairness. The paper concludes that platform governance should be assessed as a labor regulation regime, where technological design choices materially shape dignity, autonomy, and social protection for contingent workers. It recommends framing autonomy as negotiated discretion and wellbeing as sustained capacity, linking them to accountability, explainability, and enforceable rights at work.
Urban Poverty, Informal, Economy, and Social Networks in Industrial Urban Peripheries
This paper examines urban poverty in industrial urban peripheries by focusing on informal economic practices and social networks as household survival mechanisms. The discussion frames poverty as recurrent exposure to income instability, insecure work, and uneven access to basic services, which pushes households toward flexible livelihoods. Informal work is described as a spectrum of trading, service provision, and casual labor that converts local demand into daily cash flow while remaining vulnerable to market shifts and spatial regulation. Social networks operate through reciprocity norms, reputation, and information exchange, enabling small loans, delayed payments, childcare support, and job referrals. The synthesis explains how households combine multiple income sources with consumption management and risk sharing, and how housing mobility can weaken trust formation and reduce network based support. It also clarifies how network composition, including strong and weak ties, shapes access to opportunities and buffering capacity during shocks. The paper concludes that informal livelihoods and social networks function jointly through income pathways, support pathways, information pathways, and social legitimacy pathways that stabilize everyday life in peripheral industrial settlements.
Persistent Urban Poverty: An Evaluation of Cultural Claims and Structural Explanatory Alternatives
The concept of a “culture of poverty” has often been used to explain persistent deprivation in marginalized urban communities. This literature review critically evaluates the concept and contrasts it with structural explanations. It finds the culture of poverty thesis fundamentally flawed. The argument relies on sweeping generalizations, essentializes diverse communities, and reverses causality by portraying rational adaptations to harsh constraints as independent cultural causes. By emphasizing values and attitudes, it risks blaming disadvantaged groups while obscuring deeper determinants. In contrast, structural perspectives offer a more convincing framework. Urban poverty is primarily produced and sustained by material conditions and unequal power relations. These include precarious labor markets, unequal access to housing and education, weak social protection systems, and political marginalization. Practices observed within poor communities are better understood as adaptive responses to structural constraints rather than as a self-perpetuating cultural syndrome. A credible analysis of urban poverty therefore requires transforming the economic, spatial, and political structures that restrict opportunities and life chances for marginalized populations.
Leadership and Organizational Commitment: An Analysis of Mechanisms for Building Employee Loyalty and Delongingness
Leadership styles influence organizational commitment through distinct mechanisms for each commitment dimension. Transformational leadership builds affective commitment through inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Transactional leadership contributes to continuance commitment through reward and consequence clarity. Authentic leadership builds normative commitment through moral value internalization and ethical identity formation. Servant leadership strengthens sense of belonging through inclusive climate creation and interpersonal support. Ethical leadership establishes justice underlying all commitment forms. Leadership effects are mediated by perceived organizational support, justice, psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and leader member exchange quality. Individual differences and organizational culture moderate each leadership style effectiveness. Sustainable long term commitment requires leadership consistency over time and integration of commitment building values into entire organizational systems.