Urban Air Pollution as a Justice Issue: Spatial Distribution and Cumulative Health Impacts on Vulnerable Communities
Kata Kunci:
air pollution, environmental justice, health, social vulnerability, urban, urban planningAbstrak
Urban air pollution is a central example of environmental injustice, as exposure and health risks are distributed unevenly across social groups. This literature study examines the structural origins and cumulative consequences of this inequality. It shows that pollution patterns reflect historical zoning practices, discriminatory housing policies, and the concentration of undesirable facilities in politically marginalized, low income, and minority neighborhoods. As a result, environmental burdens are spatially concentrated. Health impacts are likewise unequal. Pre existing illnesses, limited healthcare access, poor nutrition, chronic stress, and high exposure occupations heighten biological and social vulnerability in these communities. These conditions interact with air pollution to produce disproportionately severe outcomes and reduced adaptive capacity. Urban air pollution injustice is therefore a multidimensional problem rooted in political economic decisions and reinforced by social disparities. Effective responses must go beyond aggregate emission reduction and adopt justice oriented strategies in urban planning, regulation, and public health that address both unequal exposure and the structural determinants of vulnerability.
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